The Science Initiative (1988-2007) begins, allowing organizations to request funds to upgrade and endow scientific equipment and laboratories in colleges and universities, teaching hospitals, medical schools and research institutions separately from bricks-and-mortar projects. Through 2005, Kresge awards 148 grants totaling $52.2 million in this initiative. In turn, these funds leverage $163.8 million in endowment funds that will generate $8.2 million per year to repair, upgrade and replace scientific equipment.